Past Paper Revision - Sociology: Family
Sociology - 2024 March
9699_s24_qp_21
1. Describe two ways fatherhood is different today than in the past. [4]
#Written Answers:
- "New father" in 1980s
- Increasing same sex marriage made fatherhood no longer gendered.
- Increasing dink family made fatherhood less appears.
#Mark Scheme:
- Development of 'New Man' ==> More active in Daily children.
- Increase in Stay at home fathers - fathers no lonoger undertaking the traditional role of 'breadwinners'
- More emotionally involved.
- Laws give a change in attitude toward father's participation in child rearing ==> Paternity leave.
- Father less involved in education ==> school took it over.
- increase in single parent families - Able to play both roles.
2. a) Explain two ways the family functions to benefit society. [8]
#Written Answers:
- 'Warm Bath' theory ==> provide emotional support to workers.
- Provide basic health care
- Family benefit children the most ==> Single parent kids are 8 times more likely to have emotional issues.
- Agency of primary socialization ==> teach children norms and values.
#Mark Scheme:
- 'Warm bath' ==> ensure workers are in work for the economy.
- Socalize children society's common norems & values.
- Supports of economy ==> In MIS, family acts as a basic unit of consumption.
- Regulates sexual activity ==> keep society stable.
- Act as an ideological state apparatus
2. b) Explain two limitations of functionalist views of the family. [6]
#Written Answers:
- Safety valve insteed of Warm bath.
- While believing segregated conjugual role is the best form, neglecting the sacrifice of highly educated housewife ==> Friedan.
#Mark Scheme:
- Downplay the inequaility between men and women.
- Ignore the dark side of family ==> Domestic abuse
- Marxism believes that it only the ruling class.
- Ethnocentrism ==> black feminist
3. Childhood as a distinct period of life is disappearing today.
Explain this view. [10]
#Written Answers:
- Postman: boundary is blurring, children get mature.
- Phillips: Media shorten childhood.
- New right: march of progresss is facing modern challenges as conventional family life is under attack.
#Mark Scheme:
- Merging of tastes of children and adults
- Behavior and language between children and adult is indistinguish.
3. Childhood as a distinct period of life is disappearing today. [6]
Using sociological material, give one argument against this view.
#Written Answers:
- I am a dumbass
#Mark Scheme:
-
4. Evaluate the view that gender is the most important factor influencing family life. [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- traditional conjugal role ==> breadwinner and breadmaker
- Dark side of family ==> domestic abuse
- For children ==> manipulation and canalization
- Warm bath theory ==> emotional support given by women
- Safety valve ==> women act as an safety valve for capitalist system.
- Against
- Increase in symmetrical family ==> conjugal role is no longer gendered
- More lone parent family ==> more husband and wives are doing both role at the same time
- Ethnicity ==> different culture has different family stucture preference
- More dink family ==> expressive and instrumental is no longer influencing spouses.
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Gendered division of labour
- Women have less access in family discisioning
- canalization and manipulation
- Aganist
- Postmodern societies, traditional ideas of gender are less influential.
- Class difference ==> middle class may see education more important
- Religion
- Secularization ==> giving more freedoms to family members
- Impact of ethnicity on family diversity.
5. Evaluate the view that family structure is now characterised by diversity. [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- Dink family - 188million in china
- 70% nulcear family in silent generation ==> 30% in millinials
- Secularization ==> same - sex mariage, blended families
- Against
- Nulcear family is still the mainstream and most benefical
- Many family remain nuclear family even it's empty shell for their children.
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Evidence of growth in other family types
- Governments actively support different family types.
- Impact of migration creating different family forms.
- Secularization
- Against
- Nuclear family remain the common family structure most people desire.
- Some society promote nuclear family
- Remarriage demonstrate the importance of family
Sociology - 2024 March
9699_s24_qp_22
1. Describe two ways the family has become child-centred. [4]
#Written Answers:
- Childhood has developed
- Eduacation and childcare service has developed into institution and the cost has raised.
- More policies to protect child abused.
#Mark Scheme:
- Parents increasingly focussed on child's welfare ==> also greater child protection laws.
- Growth in Helicopter parenting.
- having fewer children
- Growth of New man
- Creation of 'Childhood'
2. a) Explain two ways men benefit more than women from family life.[8]
#Written Answers:
- 2/3 divorces are filed by women in US
- In Ireland, most divorce reason is women requesting.
- More men are willing to remarry than women
- Friedan ==> women are same educated but trapped in domestic labour, thus women are making more sacrifice.
#Mark Scheme:
- Men recieve emotional care from women, but man are not asked to provide it back.
- Men tend to have greater authority and decision making power.
- Men benefit from women's unpaid domestic labor.
- Wmoen experience dual and triple burden.
2. b) Explain two limitations of radical feminist views of the family.[6]
#Written Answers:
- Interactionism ==> Some benefit get by women cannot be ignored
- Somerville ==> the relationship between spouses is based on mutual love
- Hakim ==> Some women would see motherhood as a fulfilling and rewarding experience that is no less than a career.
#Mark Scheme:
- Failed to acknowledge the progress towards gender equality in the family.
- failed to see the increase in family diversity ==> same sex
- Ignore that not all heterosexual relationships are male dominated.
3. ‘The extent of family diversity has been exaggerated.’
Explain this view. [10]
#Written Answers:
- Nulcear family is still considered as the 'ideal' family type ==> E.g. China, Gaokao
- The statistics are just a 'Snap shot' ==> Only 5% of population would ended up no marry at all.
#Mark Scheme:
- A large percentage of those who divorce go on to remarry and for new nuclear family
- A large proportion of cohabiting couples eventually marry and have children.
3. ‘The extent of family diversity has been exaggerated.’
Give one argument [10]
#Written Answers:
- 188 million dink family in China
- 70% in Silent generation, 30% in millinials
- Postmodernism ==> people can choose and leave whenever they think it is fit or unfit.
- New men and New father
#Mark Scheme:
- Evidence of increase in other family form
- Impact of globalization
- Individualism ==> poeple are aiming family for their own needs.
- Increasing life expectancy ==> beanpole, extended
- Technology ==> new domestic conjugal division of labor.
4. Evaluate the view that women’s changing expectations of marriage is the main reason for the increase in divorce. [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- More man are willing to remarry than women ==> Marriage is being less useful to women.
- Functionalist ==> increasing in divorce is because poeple are increasing expectation, thus value family more. In this case, expectations are changing.
- In US, 2/3 marriage are requested by women. In Ireland, more divorce reason is filed by women.
- Some Sociologist, which I cannot remember, women are mroe likely to complain and see problem in their marriage.
- Against
- Policy ==> divorce reform act, made divorce easier
- Secularization ==> divorce is no longer seen as an shameful event
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Higher expectations
- Women seek for personal satisfaction
- Mariiage is no longer prioritize the most for most women.
- Against
- Change in law
- Secularization
- Greater social awarness toward domestic violence
- increase life expectancy ==> more time to go wrong and start it all over.
5. Evaluate the view that Marxist explanations offer the best understanding of the role of the family. [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
-Safety valve ==> 'Sociologist' - emotional caring are seen as gendered role.
- Add personal responsibility upon revolution.
- Creating false needs ==> family supporting the greater economic.
- Against
- Interactionism ==> Some benefit get by women cannot be ignored
- Warm bath
- Unit of consumption
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Recognize how family reproduce social inequalites.
- See family as a ruling class ideology.
- Against
- Many family actively oppose capitalist values.
- Working class family may pass their anti - capitalist view to their children.
Sociology - 2024 March
9699_s24_qp_23
1. Describe two ways social policies have had a positive impact on the family. [4]
#Written Answers:
- Legalize more types of family ==> E.g. Same sex
- Equal Pay Act ==> Allow more domestic diversities.
- Divorce reform act ==> Encourage more poeple to marry.
#Mark Scheme:
- Promoted gender equality.
- Improved children welfare/protection
- Greater opportunities for women ==> create dual income families.
- Childcare subsidies ==> make childcare more affordable
2. a) Explain two ways reasons fewer people are marrying today.[8]
#Written Answers:
- Equal pay act ==> Getting married is no longer the only goal and career for women.
- Family diversity ==> cohabitation, same sex
- Media ==> help people to see the dark side of family.
#Mark Scheme:
- women's increase in focus on career over family
- increased financial independency of women
- Secularization
- Increase in awareness of the risk in marriage
- Growth of cohabitation
2. b) Explain two strengths of New Right views of the family [8]
#Written Answers:
- Stable family benefit children the most ==> broken family child are 6 times more likely to have mental issues.
#Mark Scheme:
- highlight the importance of marriage.
- highlight the importance of nuclear family's socialization towards kids.
4. Evaluate the view that the main role of the family is to reproduce inequality in society [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- Marxism ==> reproduce labor force for the next generation.
- Bourdiue ==> ascribed capitals increases inequality
- traditional family ==> domestic inequality (Friedan)
- role model ==> pass on working class value
- Against
- Functionalism ==> the main role is 'warm bath' theory
- Agency of socialization to child
- Sex regulation
- Unit of consumption ==> support economic
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- middle class families use cultural/ economic capital to benefit children.
- domestic violence ==> patriarchy
- Against
- post modernists ==> too deterministic
- family may pass on collective consciousness.
- main role is too provide support.
5. Evaluate the view that gender is the main influence on a child's experience of family life [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- manipulation and canalization ==> oakley
- Different educational support
- Against
- Ethnicity ==> different family structure
- class ==> different economic and capital support.
- helicopter parenting ==> different educational view toward education
- same sex marriage parents.
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- different expectation between genders
- girls face greater restictions on their freedom
- family with low budget are more likely to invest boys
- girls are more likely to experience sexual abuse.
-Against
- some family raise children in a gender neutral environment.
- more force outside of family disrupt traditional ideas of gender.
Sociology - Others
1. Explain two limitations of post modernist views of family diversity. [6]
#Written Answers:
- Over estimate the divesity ==> only 5% not marry.
- Under estimate the common norems and values in family life.
#Mark Scheme:
- does not consider different social structures.
2. 'Women continue to perform the majority of tasks in the family'
Explain the view [10]
#Written Answers:
- Dual burden and triple shifts ==> Statistics in Japan
- Emotional labor are fully taken by women
#Mark Scheme:
- Partnership penalty and motherhood penalty
- more 'hidden work' than man.
3. Describe two ways fatherhood is differnt today than in the past [4]
#Written Answers:
- New fathers in 1980s
- more same sex marriage
- more single father ==> 'can men mother?'
- more symetrical family
#Mark Scheme:
- Changes in social attitudes
4. Evaluate the view that the position of grandparents in the family has improved [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- Grandparenting help them release empty nest situation.
- More double income family bring in more demand of grandparenting.
- Against
- Intersection => grandmother are putting more hours than grandfather.
#Mark Scheme:
- Benefits of grandparents supporting dual earner parents.
-
4. Evaluate the view that grandparents play a positive role in the family [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- 50% of grandparents are putting 10h looking after children
- 50% use 142 pound per month, financially supporting the family
- Passing profound values
- Giving more experienced childcare to infants.
- Acting expressive when parents are instrumental
- Against
- Grandparents maybe forced to take more responsibilities
- Their values maybe out dated
- May form conflict with parents about child education
- Parents and children may loss connections
- Increase gender inequality, Grandmother are putting more time than grandfather
- May spoil the child
- May Pass on gender inequality values (Sharpe)
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Unpaid childcare so both parent can be employed
- Financially helping
- Act as a mediator between parents and children or confidant to the grandchildren as more likely to open up to them.
- Against
- Caring for elderly meaning more financial hardship
- Dependent elderly may means more burden on women in the family
- lossing mobility of nuclear family
4. Explain Why families have become more Child - centred in some societies [10]
#Written Answers:
- Media give more uncertain danger to child, so they need to be protected.
- Consumption - capitalism created false needs and pester power
- Falling birth rate and less marriage
#Mark Scheme:
- Laws and policies
- Compulsory education
4. Assess the view that childhood is disappearing [10]
#Written Answers:
- Postman: the broundary is disappearing, child are mature
- New right: march of progress is facing challange because of the change of marriage
#Mark Scheme:
-Consumption culture / children market
4. "The experience of childhood is different today than in the past" Explain this view [10]
#Written Answers:
- Consumerism childhood: pester power
- More laws and policies protection
- Aries
- grandparenting
#Mark Scheme:
-
4. Evaluate the view that the experience of childhood today is different to the past [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- Aries
- Consumption culture
- grandparenting involvement
- Media: Postman - mature
- Phillps: Tied parents
- Toxic Childhood: Less outdoor time; Screen saturation; Strict and narrow curriculum
- New right: under attack
- Against
- Inequality maintains
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Increasingly protected
- Increasingly given a voice in decisioning
- Given many right
- Against
- Childhood is blurring, exposed to realities
- Traditional gender role
- Grandparenting provide out dated values
- Child abuse continues
4. Evaluate the view that social class is the main factor affecting the experiences of children in the family [26]
#Written Answers: `
- For
- Upper class has more money supporting consumption culture
- Upper class has more grandparenting
- Working class may be less affected by media
- Working class kids may quit compulsory education and go Aries's pre age
- Middle class may afford on income family, thus gender segregation of labor.
- Against
- Gender is the most influence: Ann oakley manipulation / canalization; Girls in traditional values have less access to education.
- Ethnicity: Ideal student; Labelling in education
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- Hilicopter parenting
- Middle class is more likely to be child centered
- Against
- Gendered expectations
- Gendered Abuse
- Indian and Chinese parents have higher level of expectation of class
- Post modernism
4. Evaluate the view that childhood is a period of innocence and protection [26]
#Written Answers:
- For
- Aries
- Laws and policies
- Compulsory education
- Media restrictions of under ages
- Phillips
- Sperateness
- Against
- Postman: no longer seperated
- Pester power: more voice in deicsioning
- Childhood is socially constructed
#Mark Scheme:
- For
- March of Progress
- Decline in infant mortality makes them increaingly protected
- Against
- Media undermining innocence
- Toxic childhood: shoollification in young age: pressure; Media saturation; Less outdoor.
- They are more targeted as a consumer
1. E []
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