Everything U Need For Paper 2 Sociology
Functionalism & New Right
Parsons:
Fit theory
- Loss of Functions to specialized social institutions.
Extended family are functionally fit and socially required before MIS
- Take health responsibilitys; offer education to whatever skills that is specialized in family; Act as a criminal Justice system to support family members
Five reasons for extended => nuclear after MIS
- Geographical mobility
- Ascribe achievements are less usful in MIS
- Allow family members to be more independent, for them to less recieve pressure from extended kins (Resources are allocated by abilities in MIS, not inheriting)
- Family is nolonger the unit of production
- Government take over the sex regulation part.
Parsons believes that family should bear the main responsibility to socialization of children.
Critisism to Fit Theory
Fletchers: extended family have lost some functions, but still provide basic education and healthcare.
Historian believes Parsons was over simplified the change in family functions in industrialization. E.g., Japan experienced industrialization in 1980, the workers was encouraged to work in a company for life, this value was brought to their family, as a result, their attitude of extended kinship has successfully passed on.
Young and Willmott (Not functionalist, but related to nuclear family)
- They believes that men's and women's attitudes towards the distribution of labor in home had undergone radical change in the modern UK, both working and middle class, conjugal roles were more likely be jointly shared.
And by three following changes:
- Working class experience geographical mobility because of better education and job opportunity. Moving away from original area and family kinship also means free from traditional working class value.
- Women going out to work mean more income and purphasing power, vacuum cleaner and labor saving device.
- Women acquired more power in modern society, working against dependency to their husband.
Critisism toward Young & Willmott
Oakley: After interviewing 40 housewives in london, few of them are found evidence of symmetrical, only 15 percent have high level of participation in housework.
Craig: Women do one third to one half more housework. - Partnership penalty & Motherhood penalty.
Goode:
- Supporting Parsons on Fit theory
Murdock:
- Believes that nuclear family is universal
- Four basic functions of family`
Fletcher:
- Arguing against Parson's 'Loss of function'. Believes that family are still carring three unique functions: long term sexual and emotional care, raise children in stable environment, provision of home.
- The society is in 'march of progress'.
Murray:
- 6% of married families break down; 20% of unmarried break down.
- Children in Broken homes were 6 times likely to have mental issues, 2 times likely to continue living in poverty.
Aries:
- Childhood is a recent invention.
- In pre - industrialization society, childhood does not exist, children would be treated no differently to adult when they are around 7.
Horwitz:
- Family act as a bridge connecting individuals 'micro world' to the greater society by passing on rules and values. Children allow to go through experimentations in a protected environment.
Phillips:
- Believes that children have been given to many rights by state policies, childhood should be focusing on disciplines.
Marxism
Althusser:
- Family act as a ideological state apparatus. Similar to functionalist's view of agency of socialization, but believes that family is only benefiting the ruling class.
- Family teach both norms and values, and ruling class ideology.
Zaretsky:
- Family as an ideological agency. By involving children learning obedience, conformity, showing respect to authority, turning children into passive, false conscious workers and make then uncritically except the inequality produced by capitalism.
- Family worsens the stability of an adult’s personality because its real function is to help workers manage their anger in the workplace. Research by Beynon found that companies would only employment married men in 1980s since they are less likely to participate into strike actions because they are unlikely to engage in actions which threaten their income and therefore their family’s standard of livings.
- Some Marxist believes that extended family are not encouraged because it has socialist ideas such as collectivism and selflessness rather than capitalist values.
- Manipulation & canalization
Sharpe:
- Patriarchy is weakening in 1980s.
- Young women no longer share the same expectation and priorities toward marriage and family life like their mothers and grandma.
Firestone:
- Man use their physical advantages to threaten those women who failed to conform their patriarchal expectations.
Greer:
- Women would never be truly liberated until women do not imitate men and form a matrifocal society.
- A single women is generally happier than married women ==> reflected by high divorces rate.
Ansley:
- Powerlessness in the workplace leads to domestic violence as men attempt to assert power.
- Wives acts as a safety valve for capitalism because it makes the workers to not directly spreading his anger to the real cause of their problem – the nature and organization of capitalism.
Hochschild:
- Emotional labor
- Mother rarely thanked for emotional work because this is gender bound.
- Dual & triple burden
Risman:
- The study 'Can man mother?' on single father proved men can also take good care of children.
Craig:
- Women do one third to one half more housework than men.
- This inequality starts from couple move in together and before they have children - 'Partnership penalty'. When women get marry, the wife's unpaid domestic labour rises. 'Motherhood penalty' - when women give birth, their finance situation worsen than men and child - free women.
Friedan:
- Many white middle class housewife are highly educated and are trapped in domestic labor work.
Losococco & Walzer:
- Women express their unhapiness in marrage more; Women are more likely to see problems than men; Once - married men are more likely to remarry.
Bernard:
- Men are more satisfied with their marriage than wives.
Dunne:
-In her study of 37 lesbian couples with dependent child, many traditional domestic division of labour do not exsist in lesbain family. Symmetry is observed. Howerever, when there is one partner did much more paid work than the other, unequal domestic work is likely to be.
Edgell:
- Three categories in family decision. => Very Important (Financial, taken by husband or husband had the final call) / Important (Quality of Family life, Jointly, rarely wife alone) / Less important (Daily details, wife alone)
Repeated 10 years later, Leighton discovered that decisioning power change when males are unemployed. (Decisioning power is based on who is the bread winner)
Stephens:
- Males are brought up to believe that they are 'hard wired' to behave in a patriarchal way. For example, to speak to girls and women inappropriately and see the investment of love and trust in others as weakness and vulnerability.
Many males hzaveexperienced a traumatized childhood. They are not allowed by older men to express weakness in any form, be told to 'man up' and excert their male power over others through physical violence and emotional manipulation.
He believes that men failed to learn from these childhood trauma as they become adults, and need to learn why they are eager to excert their power over others and recognize that the way they have been brought up is a problem, they are suffering a crisis of masculinity that denies them to capacity to achknowledge and understand their childhood pain. This prevents them from ever truly loving themselves, and furtherly stops them to treat women as equal.
Late & Postmodernism
Beck:
- Individualization
Rapoport:
- Different dimensions of family diversity
Giddens:
- Current society is a late - modern society
Others
Young & Willmott:
- Symmetrical family
Summerville:
- Criticism to radical feminism: the bulk of male female relationships are based on mutual love.
- Criticism to postmodernism: postmodernism ahs exaggerated the level of family diversity; only 5% of people would never marry.
sd Cheal - 2002
Cheal observes that family relationships can easily break into damaging relationships, love can turn into hate.
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Hakim:
- Criticism to radical feminism: side with Summerville, some women may see motherhood as a fulfilling experience tha tis no less than a career.
MacMahon:
- Critique on phenomenon of New Men.
Postman:
Children are less child - like.
Anderson:
- In his research, extended families did not decrease but increased; family moved from rual areas to urban areas in extended forms.
Statistics
China:
- 70% divorce lawsuits were filed by women.
University of Texas:
- In 1965, dads spends 16 minutes on childcare => 55mins now.
USA:
- 2/3 of divorces in US were initiated by women in 2015.
- Hispanic group has the highest non - marital birth rate.
- In the US, from 1960 to 2016, mother-only families increased by 192%, father-only families increased by 259%
Japan:
- Working Wives do 3 hours per weekday, husbands do only 0.5h.
UK:
- Britons are increasingly likely to desribe singleparent, same-sex, or unmarried couples as 'proper' families
- In 2014, the government estimated that laundry and ironing in the home was worth an estimated ₤97.2 billion in 2012.
- - There are three domestic murders of women every two weeks (Three - quarters of global violence is domestic)
- Two third of women argued their partner over housework - 2014 Britain
Honour related murders
- A female killed by a family nember for an actual or assumed transgression. Seen as a protection of family reputation. WHO estimated that there are 5000 murders that are named of honour each year worldwide and believed that this statistics are underestimated.
Pew Research Centre:
- 3/10 millenials live a spouse and have children; 7/10 of silent generation live with a spouse and have children.
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