Sociology PPT Revision - Socialization & Methodology

Nature Guys

Morris

- Biology shapes culture becasuse sharing culture is based on the inbuilt or genetic need to continue the life of the social group over time.

Tiger & Fox

- Gender roles are biologically determined, any attempt to interfere the nature of masculine and deminine behavior is bound to fail.

Baron - Cohen

- Feminity is hard - wired to female brains

Nurturing - Feral Child

- Genie - 13 year old by 1970, USA

- Dani - Rescued at age 6, adopted in 2007

If human cultures are naturally formed, than Feral children should develop just like other children, no need to be rescued and will pick up normal human behaviors quickly.

Nurturing - other evidence

- Cultural difference are too large to be explained by biological differneces

- Cultural changes too fast in history, way faster than biological changes

Primary Socialization

Cooley

- Intimate face to face association and cooperation - Looking glass self

Berger & Luckmann

- Emotionally charged identification

Bandura

- Social learning theory - Role Model

Secondary socialization

Parsons

- Liberate the individual from dependent primary attachments

Berger & Luckmann

- Formality and anonymity

Education

Ascribed status & Achieved status

Parsons

- Detach children from primary connections

- Internalize values and norms in society

Bowles and Gintis

- Correspondences between schools and workplaces (Attendances, conformity to authorities and alienation)

Eduaction are influenced by gender and Ethnic(Subjects are sometimes patriarchial and enthocentric/ Teacher may be prejudge students)

Mass Media

Chandler

- Consumerism: advertisements

- Fear: Media exaggerations

Giving a ideal images of men & women

Workplace

Suzman

- As a socail glue that holds societies together, students spend most time in school, adult spend most time in workplace.

Enterprises have their own values that would re - socialization of employees.

Religion

Religions often influence ethnicities and genders

- Build solidarity

- Set rules for gender, conservative

Secularization

Comparison - Family

Functionalism

- Continue human race

- Socialize children

- Stablize adult personalities

Marxism

- Reproduce labor forces

- Socialize pro - capitalist values

- Safety valve to aviod revolutions

- False needs

Comparison - Education

Functionalism

- Secondary socialzation

- Teach academic knowledge

- Meritocracy, allocate people into suitable places

Marxism

- Train students into passive workers

- Fulfill capitalist's needs for skilled workers

- Reproduce inequalities

Comparison - Media

Functionalism

- Tool to educate public

- Socialization by setting role model

Marxism

- Mouthpieces of ruling class

- Brainwash the public

- Advertize product

Comparison - Religion

Functionalism

- Provide mental supports

- Build social supporting network

- Socialize moral codes

Marxism

- Safety valve to calm people

- Justify superior positions of the rich

Mechanic & Organic solidarity - Durkheim

Mechanic

- Agencies of socializations hardly defied

- Infividualistic behaviors seen as deviances

Organic

- Interpersonal relationships are looser

- Encourage individualism and less moral certainty

Interactionism

Wrong

- Other sociologist have attributed human behavior to 'socialization' too much

- Human have a degree of freedom from social environment

Rosenthal & Jacobson - Self fulfilling prophecy 

Deviance

#1 Under socialization

- A dysfunctional family that provide insufficient socialization

#2 Marginalization

- Marginalized groups such as lower class youth or ethnic minority are not reached to public services, thus hold weak consensus with mainstream values.

#3 Underclass cultural deprivation

- Immediate gratification and fatalism that lead to poor parental attitudes towards education.

#4 Resistance

- Neo - Marxism believes that disadvantaged lower class ahve weak or vague understanding of the unequal nature of capitalist system, but they are aware of the inequalities.

Subculture

Willis - Counter school subculture

- WIllis believes that working class schoolboys were never aspired to be middle class.

- They see education system as an institution dominated by middle class.

Cloward & Ohlin

#1 Criminal subculture

- Being criminal as a career

#2 Conflict Subculture

- Gang warfare, Give up mainstream goals

#3 Retreatist subculture

- Double failures: In mainstream society and in subcultures => retreat to addiction

Matza - Subterranean values of deviance

- No distinct subculture, everyone shares a hidden value that want to defy social norems, E.g., Drinking, swear, punch the idiots you work with.

- Those who constantly deviate from social norems are just the ones who release their self - control more often.

Social class identity

The boundaries are blurring?

- Working class are relatively better living quality

- More middle class and upper class starts to appreicipate popular culture

- Concept of Embourgeoisement & proletarianization

Gender

Hegemonic,Toxic, Complicit masculinity

Mac an Ghaill - Crisis of Masuclinity

- Loss of manual jobs+Rise of service jobs

- Lower educational achievements compared to female

Traditional, Emphasized, Assertive, Autonomous Femininity

Gender inequalities in workplaces

- Glass ceiling

- Horizontal segregation

- Gender pay gap