Everything U Need For Paper1 Sociology

Family

#Age

1. Ageism - Vauclair

Elderly are stereotyped as vulnerable and dependent, subjected to infantilization, rarely treated as independent adults that is capable of choice making and decisioning.

2. Family act as a bridge for Children - Horwitz

Family act as a bridge connecting individuals from 'micro world' to greater society by passing on roles and values, allowing them to go through experimentations in a protected environment. 

3. Family turn chilren into passive, false conscious workers - Zaretsky

Family as an ideological agency, by involving children learning obedience, conformity, showing respect to authority, making children except the inequality produced by capitalism.

4. Inequality between adults and children

Control over children's time, space, behavior and body

5. Social learning theory (Role model) - Bandura

6. Berger & Luckmann

Emotionally charged identification

7. Cooley

Looking glass self

#Class

1. Difference in Family structure

Working & middle class - Extended or nuclear?

2. Ascribed status for Upper class

3. Family reproduce inequality for working class - Marxism

4. 

#Gender

1. Decision making in family - Edgell

Three categories of family decisions, wives are having few power 

2. Tiger & Fox

Gender roles are biologically determined, any attempt to interfere the nature of masculine and deminine behavior is bound to 

3. Baron - Cohen

Feminity is hard - wired to female brains

#Ethnicity

1. Akumu

Kneeling to men and older people is a common cultural expectation and norm for female from many African ethnic groups, anything less is being considered disrespectful.

Peer

#Age

1. 

#Class

1. 

#Gender

1. 

#Ethnicity

1. 

Education

#Age

1. Influence on youth - Parsons

Liberate the individual from dependent primary attachment.

Internalize values and norms in society

2. Bowles and Gintis

Correspondences between schools and workplaces (Attendances, conformity to autorities and alienation)

#Class

1. Status

Ascribed & Achieved

2. Willis - Counter school subculture

WIllis believes that working class schoolboys were never aspired to be middle class, and see education system as an institution dominated by middle class.

3. Speech codes - Elaborated and restricted 

Working class students have only restricted codes

4. Old boys network

Social capital

#Gender

1. Patriarchial in education

Subjects may be patriarchial

Teacher may prejudge students

2. Sue Sharpe

Women have recieved better education and have acquired more economic power to be more independent.

#Ethnicity

1. Enthocentric in education

Teacher may prejudge students

Subjects & textbook may be enthocentric (Espacially in history textbook)

2. Institutional racism

10% supportive teachers and 30% openly racist teachers (Sewell, from a school in British)

3. Ethnicity have fewer influence

The use of English as the universal language, it is predicted that least 50 per cent of languages spoken in the world in 2018 will have disappeared by the end of the 21 st century. 

Religion

#Age

1. 

#Class

1. Building a social supporting network

2. Marxism

Marxism believes that religion is to justify superior positions of the rich.

#Gender

1. Set rules

Set conservative rules for genders

#Ethnicity

1. Building solidarity in ethnic groups

Workplace

#Age

1. 

#Class

1. Suzman

Workplace act as a social glue that holds societies together, students spend most time in school, adult soend most time in workplace.

#Gender

1. Crisis of Masculinity - Mac an Ghaill

Loss of manual jobs+Rise of service jobs

Lower educational achievements compared to female

2. Glass ceiling

3. Gender pay gap

4. Horizontal segragation

#Ethnicity

1. 

Media

#Age

1. Chandler

Building a Consumerism culture

2. UK national Children Bureau, 2008

Research produced in 2008, UK national Children Bureau, found that The media produce more nagative stories about youth; Media focus particularly on minority youth; Bad news sells

3. Media protray the olds - Milner et al.

Media categorize elderly into two, "super senior" & "bad old age", the seniors are protrayed as healthy, wealthy, and the other one is protrayed as illness and declined.

#Class

1. Marxism

Marxism believes that Media is a mouthpieces of ruling class and brainwash the public.

#Gender

1. Chandler

Giving ideal image of men & women, creating fear because of media exaggeration

2. Under representation of female

Only 26% of digital news are women

The gender gap in coverage is the widest in news about politics and governments.

3. Message by newspaper

Three quarters of newspaper expressed at least one messages on the coverage to women about diet. (Emphasized Femininity)

4. Negative on the image of men  

80 percent of media profiles of men were negative comparing to 18.4 percent which showed positive profiles.

#Ethnicity

1. Ethnicity have fewer influence on all identities

Leisure habits in many parts of the world are increasingly shaped by a global popular culture disseminated by global media that specialises in distributing the same music, television, film, computer/video games and video via social media platforms to a global audience.

Nature Guys

Morris

- Biology shapes culture becasuse sharing culture is based on the inbuilt or genetic need to continue the life of the social group over time.

Nurturing - Feral Child

- Genie - 13 year old by 1970, USA

- Dani - Rescued at age 6, adopted in 2007

If human cultures are naturally formed, than Feral children should develop just like other children, no need to be rescued and will pick up normal human behaviors quickly.

Nurturing - other evidence

- Cultural difference are too large to be explained by biological differneces

- Cultural changes too fast in history, way faster than biological changes

Interactionism

Wrong

- Other sociologist have attributed human behavior to 'socialization' too much

- Human have a degree of freedom from social environment

Rosenthal & Jacobson - Self fulfilling prophecy 

Deviance

#1 Under socialization

- A dysfunctional family that provide insufficient socialization

#2 Marginalization

- Marginalized groups such as lower class youth or ethnic minority are not reached to public services, thus hold weak consensus with mainstream values.

#3 Underclass cultural deprivation

- Immediate gratification and fatalism that lead to poor parental attitudes towards education.

#4 Resistance

- Neo - Marxism believes that disadvantaged lower class ahve weak or vague understanding of the unequal nature of capitalist system, but they are aware of the inequalities.

Subculture

Cloward & Ohlin

#1 Criminal subculture

- Being criminal as a career

#2 Conflict Subculture

- Gang warfare, Give up mainstream goals

#3 Retreatist subculture

- Double failures: In mainstream society and in subcultures => retreat to addiction

Matza - Subterranean values of deviance

- No distinct subculture, everyone shares a hidden value that want to defy social norems, E.g., Drinking, swear, punch the idiots you work with.

- Those who constantly deviate from social norems are just the ones who release their self - control more often.

Social class identity

The boundaries are blurring?

- Working class are relatively better living quality

- More middle class and upper class starts to appreicipate popular culture

- Concept of Embourgeoisement & proletarianization

Gender

Hegemonic,Toxic, Complicit masculinity

Traditional, Emphasized, Assertive, Autonomous Femininity

Sociologists

Guy Standing

Precariat

Pakulski and Waters

Working - class is under threat, global expansion of capitalism has led to the decline of working class related industries. 

Gouldner

Value free sociology is a myth

Weber

Verstehen, qualitative research methods are usually strong in achieving verstehen.

Kuhn

Paradigm, scientists are bounded by common sense knowledge.

Willis

Working class kids are proud of their class identities, and show resistance against schools that are dominated by middle class and feminized, forming counter school subculture.

Cohen

Counter school subculture of white working class schoolboys are formed by the status frustration of working class boys.

Sharpe

Women have recieved better education and acquire more economic power.

Mac an Ghail

Men are experiencing crisis of masculinity

Mead

Children develop a sense of self identity through interactions with other people, especially the significant others.

Cooley

Looking glass self - developed upon Mead

Bandura

Social learning theory

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